Logic
Philosophy is the mother of science, and logic is a daughter of philosophy. Good reasoning is what is required for algorithms to work precisely. We call that an effective process, as A. Turing defined it. A list of statements like a mathematical proof to solve a certain problem in a finite number of steps, each step clearly defined.
Introduction to Logic
Elements of Programming
We attempt to describe some elements that are philosophically relevant to the computer science. We have abstract entities and concrete entities. The former are unchanged over time, while the latter comes and goes out of existence. These entities have species and genus, that is, they have specific properties that are common to a set of entities. In object oriented languages, the genus is the class, while species is an instanciation of that class. Functions are associations of abstract or concrete entities containing arguments and after some transformation leads to a result.
In a computer, a value is a datum, that is, zeroes and ones 0100100101, mapped to an entity name. The value int x := 0100_1001_0010b creates a value type. The 0100_1001_0010b is the representation of x, while x is the interpretation of 0100_1001_0010b. Sometimes we have identity defined as the representational identity, for example, if two files have the same binary data, they are just equal to each other even if one file is an image and the other is text.